Chemistry: Activity 8.3 To Prepare Copper(II) Nitrate By The Reaction Between An Acid And A Metal Oxide

About 30cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 nitric acid is put in a beaker and is heated. Using a spatula, copper(II) oxide is added a little at a time, to the hot nitric acid while stirring continuously with a glass rod. The addition of copper(II) oxide is stopped when some black solids remain undissolved.






The mixture is filtered to remove the excess copper(II) oxide.




The filtrate is evaporated until a saturated solution is formed. The saturated solution is then allowed to cool to room temperature.








This is the copper(II) nitrate salt formed.

For more details on how to carry out this activity, please refer to Oxford Fajar reference book, or other similar reference book.

Chemistry: White Fume Of Ammonium Chloride


White fumes from concentrated hydrochloric acid and ammonia forming a white cloud of ammonium chloride.

This can be used in the confirmation test of the presence of ammonia gas.

Chemistry: Nitrogen Dioxide




Have a look at the brown colour of nitrogen dioxide gas.


Chemistry: Chlorine Gas


Chlorine gas is a dense, pale yellowish-green, poisonous, gas which can act as a strong oxidizing agent and commonly finds use in disinfecting water and in the production of bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite, NaOCl).


Chemistry: Activity 7.7 To find the end-point of an acid-base titration during neutralisation using an acid-base indicator - Methyl Orange

Sodium hydroxide is transferred using pipette to a clean conical flask. Three drops of methyl orange indicator are added to the alkali.



The colour of the methyl orange in alkali solution is yellow.




The solution turn orange when it is neutral. The end-point is reached.

If the acid is added in excess, the solution will turn red, indicate that the solution is acidic.

For more details on how to carry out this activity, please refer to Oxford Fajar reference book, or other similar reference book.

Chemistry: Activity 7.5 To prepare 100 cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide solution









For more details on how to carry out this activity, please refer to Oxford Fajar reference book, or other similar reference book.